Hamlet Characters Descriptions and Analysis

Most of the characters in Hamlet are citizens of Denmark and members of the royal court, reeling after the death of their king. The characters are deeply suspicious of one another, as it becomes clear that the king may have been murdered—and by his brother Claudius no less. As Hamlet is a tragedy, each character carries within themselves a tragic characteristic that contributes to their own downfall. But it is in particular the unstable atmosphere of the new court of Claudius that brings about much of the action of the play. Hamlet The protagonist of the tragedy, Hamlet is a beloved prince and a thoughtful, melancholy young man. Distraught by his father’s death, Hamlet is only made more depressed by his uncle Claudius’ succession to the throne and his subsequent marriage to his mother. When the ghost of the king, Hamlet’s father, tells him that he was murdered by his brother Claudius and that Hamlet must avenge him, Hamlet becomes almost suicidal and obsessed with revenge. He is slowly driven mad by his inability to act on this instruction. Very intelligent, Hamlet decides to fake madness in order to fool his uncle and those loyal to him while he uncovers whether Claudius is guilty for his father’s death—although often his mental health is genuinely in question. Worried about his own guilt, Hamlet also becomes hateful, despising his uncle, voicing anger at his mother, frustrated with his traitorous friends, and alienating Ophelia (whom he once courted). His anger borders on ruthlessness, and he is responsible for numerous deaths throughout the play, but he never loses his reflective and melancholy traits. Claudius Claudius, the plays antagonist, is the king of Denmark and Hamlet’s uncle. According to the ghost of Hamlet’s father, Claudius is his killer. When we are first introduced to Claudius, he scolds Hamlet for still being so glum about his father’s death and forbids him to return to his university studies in Wittenberg. Claudius is a conniving strategist who poisoned his own brother in cold blood. He remains calculating and unloving throughout the play, driven by his ambition and lust. When he realizes that Hamlet is not mad as he originally believed, and in fact poses a threat to his crown, Claudius quickly begins to plot Hamlets death. This plan ultimately leads to Claudius’s death at Hamlet’s hands at the end of the play. However, Claudius also has an honorable side. When Hamlet has a traveling troupe put on a play for the court that emulates the murder of a king, Claudius reveals his sense of guilt. He also decides to have Ophelia buried with ceremony, rather than as a suicide. His love for Gertrude also seems sincere. Polonius Polonius is the main advisor to the king, also known as the Lord Chamberlain. Pompous and arrogant, Polonius is also the overbearing father of Ophelia and Laertes. As Laertes sets off for France to continue his studies, Polonius gives him paradoxical advice, including the famous quotation, to thine own self be true†Ã¢â‚¬â€an ironic line from a man who cannot keep his advice consistent. When Hamlet goes to his mother’s bedchamber, attempting to confront her about his father’s murder, he kills Polonius, who is hiding behind a tapestry and whom Hamlet mistakes for the king. Ophelia Ophelia is Polonius’s daughter and Hamlet’s lover. She is obedient, agreeing not to see Hamlet anymore at her fathers suggestion and spying on Hamlet when asked by Claudius. She believes that Hamlet loves her, despite his inconsistent courtship, and is devastated during a conversation in which he seems not to love her at all. When Hamlet kills her father, Ophelia goes mad and drowns in the river. Whether this is a suicide is left ambiguous. Ophelia is feminine and almost maidenly throughout the play, though she is able to counter Hamlet’s wit. Gertrude Gertrude is the queen of Denmark and Hamlet’s mother. She was originally married to Hamlet’s father, the dead king, but has now married the new king Claudius, her former brother-in-law. Gertrudes son Hamlet regards her with suspicion, wondering whether she had a hand in his father’s murder. Gertrude is rather weak and unable to match wits in an argument, but her love for her son remains strong. She also enjoys the physical aspects of her marriage to Claudius—a point that disturbs Hamlet. After the sword fight between Hamlet and Laertes, Gertrude drinks the poisoned goblet meant for Hamlet and dies. Horatio Horatio is Hamlet’s best friend and confidant. He is cautious, scholarly, and a good man, known for giving sound advice. As Hamlet lies dying at the end of the play, Horatio considers suicide, but Hamlet convinces him to live on to tell the story. Laertes Laertes is Polonius’s son and Ophelia’s brother, as well as a clear foil to Hamlet. Where Hamlet is contemplative and frozen by emotions, Laertes is reactive and quick to action. When he hears of his father’s death, Laertes is ready to raise a rebellion against Claudius, but his sister’s madness allows Claudius to convince him Hamlet is at fault. Unlike Hamlet, Laertes will stop at nothing for revenge. At the end of the play, Hamlet kills Laertes; as he lays dying, Laertes admits to Claudius’s plot to kill Hamlet. Fortinbras Fortinbras is the prince of neighboring Norway. His father was killed by Hamlet’s father, and Fortinbras is looking for revenge. Fortinbras arrives in Denmark just as the climax is reached. At Hamlet’s recommendation and due to a distant connection, Fortinbras becomes the next king of Denmark. The Ghost The ghost claims to be Hamlet’s dead father, the former king of Denmark (also named Hamlet). He appears as a ghost in the first scenes of the play, informing Hamlet and others that he was murdered by his brother Claudius, who poured poison into his ear while he slept. The Ghost is responsible for the action of the play, but its origins are unclear. Hamlet worries that this specter might be sent by the devil to incite him to murder, but the mystery is never solved. Rosencrantz Guildenstern Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two acquaintances of Hamlet who are asked to spy on the young prince in order to figure out the cause of his madness. Both are rather spineless and obedient—Rosencrantz moreso than Guildenstern—and neither is intelligent enough to really fool Hamlet. After Hamlet kills Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern accompany him to England. They have secret orders from the king of England to behead Hamlet on arrival, but the ship is attacked by pirates, and when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive in England, their heads are chopped off instead.

Pascal, The Founder Of The Pascal s Wager - 899 Words

Blaise Pascal was the founder of the Pascal’s Wager. Pascal was a French philosopher, an inventor, a mathematician, a scientist and a theologian. Pascal extended a reason to believe in God, even though other people had beliefs that God is not real and his existence is not inconceivable. The Pascal’s Wager was a second-person communication. It showed that Pascal conceptualizes an individual forced to decide between the belief in God and not to believe in him. An example of what Pascal would demonstrate this as if, one was in a coin toss game, one side you conclude to believe and the other side you don’t. There are different outcome each time you play and there are different circumstances that can affect the outcome. There are a few possible outcomes are the following. You bet that he does exist, the outcome is he does, that s an infinite gain for you. You bet that he exists, the outcome is he doesn’t, that’s an infinite loss for you. You bet that he does not exist and the outcome is he does, that’s an infinite loss for you. You bet that He does not exist, and the outcome he doesn’t, that’s an infinite gain for you. Pascal claimed betting on his existence was irrational. That if you bet on the existence of God that there stands of an infinite reward (gain) that he does exist that can be represented by an eternity in paradise, and the uncertainty of a miniature risk that can be represented by whatever physically causes your happiness would waive during your life. AShow MoreRelatedCompilation of Mathematicians and Their Contributions11615 Words   |  47 PagesBirthdate: 424/423 B.C. Died: 348/347 B.C. Nationality: Greek Contributions: * He helped to distinguish between  pure  and  applied mathematics  by widening the gap between arithmetic, now called  number theory  and logistic, now called  arithmetic. * Founder of the  Academy  in  Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the  Western world. It provided a comprehensive curriculum, including such subjects as astronomy, biology, mathematics, political theory, and philosophy. * Helped to lay the foundations

Discussion on Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society

Question: Describe about the "Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society". Answer: Introduction The business report will deal with HIMSS and its importance in health care sector. It will demonstrate that how HIMSS will be helpful in the implementation of electronic medical record system. The author will discuss the critical success factor of this scheme. The report will contain the detailed analysis of the current situation of the health informatics in Metro Hospital. Based on this analysis the practices required to implement efficient information management system will be discussed. Further, the report will present the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model and its implementation plan. The author will brief project governance and its alignment with state and national eHealth programs. Risk factors and the likelihood of success will be stated in brief. Finally, based on the analysis and discussion conclusion will be drawn. Background HIMSS is a U.S. based organization, and it stands for Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (Brown et al., 2012). Its ultimate goal is to establish a proper system for managing healthcare related information. To implement electronic health records, a hospital must acquire HIMSS Level 7 recognition (Custis et al., 2016). When a hospital receives a score of 7 from HIMSS, it implies that it has well adopted the Electronic Medical Records Model (EMR). It also indicates that the organization uses optimal management systems and Information Technology (Craven et al., 2015). Physicians, insurance companies, and other medical professionals maintain the medical records of patients in digital format instead of the traditional paper-based method. It includes patients history and other health information. These records are called EMR (Shah et al., 2016). The EMR system helps in easy retrieval of the clinical records and efficient navigation with patients (Brown et al., 2012). This report will thus function as the roadmap for Metro Hospital to achieve HIMSS level EMR. Vision for the Electronic Medical Records The vision of this report is to improve the service system and management of the Metro Hospital so that it can attain HIMSS level 7 by the year 2025. The report will act as the roadmap for serving this purpose. By adopting the EMR model, a hospital will thus help in improving the client services and its efficiency by decreasing medical errors (Fossum Moe, 2013). It will enhance its result management. The improved results will be proliferated with the quick access to the contemporary practices. Further, this project will offer orderly and layered onscreen presentation. It will present coding concepts clearly and other medical information through browsing (Dixon et al., 2013). For attaining HIMSS level 7 by the year 2025, the first step for the hospital is to participate in the Annual HIMSS Analytics Study and receive the EMRAM Score. The implemented EMR system After implementing the vision of adopting the EMR model, the hospitals will be able to provide integrated clinical information (Ong, 2014). It will help medical professors in speeding up their services while decreasing the medical errors. It will have increased revenue cycle as it will significantly reduce the operations costs (Xue et al., 2012). The implemented EMR system will integrate the medical data in the comprehensive format including such as weight, age, medication and allergies, laboratory tests, radiology images, medical history, billing information, demographics, vital signs and immunization status (Warner et al., 2012). This process will increase the number of clients served each day. This process of electronic documentation will improve billing system (Shah et al., 2016). Since the EMR will not include any paper work, the chance of documentation error will decrease to a great extent. Therefore, EMR system will offer the hospital a better environment with the seamless flow of information (Wang et al., 2013). In this digital progress, the way of care delivered is entirely transformed. With EMR, information can be retrieved anywhere and anytime. It will improve the communication system of Metro Hospital with other departments (oncology, ophthalmology, maternity, etc.) in the healthcare network through this electronic transaction. This will enable coordination in decision making and care provided. It will allow improved patient diagnostics and health outcomes (Fossum Moe, 2013). Critical success factors- The first and the foremost step for implementing EMR model is to convert the traditional paper based system into electronic automated environment (Ong, 2014). Before implementation, the staff, physicians, and other medical professionals should be well adapted with the latest technology and must be aware of real time quality information (Ong, 2014). The other critical factor is that the hospital must increase its capital resources for increased expectations (Murray Wright, 2014). It is necessary for the hospital to develop good staff capacity. It will help to cope up with the cultural changes and emerging needs of the organization. It will ensure customer and staff satisfaction (Valdez et al., 2015). The critical success factor for this hospital lies in the team commitment. The hospital must design the effective plan for sustainable changes, implement efficiently, and improve the methodology (Paton, 2014). To ensure that all the departments have incorporated best practices, these sustainable processes must be redesigned and regularly measured (Dixon et al., 2013). To save time in the manual filling of charts and their retrieval, the physical environment must be renovated and remodeled (Paton, 2014). To have an optimal workflow, the satellite area must be decommissioned. The other critical factor is the maintaining the confidentiality of patients health information (Nambisan et al., 2015). Also, implementing EMR will enable Metro to link with international patients (Wang et al., 2013). With improved coordination, it will be easy for patients in other states to involve in academic research or participate in clinical trials (Mastellos et al., 2015). Analyzing the current situation and aspects critical to support EMR Currently, Metro Hospital must work hard towards attaining technological tools, enhancing the safety and quality of health services. Strategic management of electronic information will enable HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025. Analysis of current situation of Metro Hospital includes if the organization can serve a large number of patients. Currently, in the hospital the system of services is entirely paper based, Therefore, changing this into computerized version (electronic transition) is the crucial factor. All its clinical information must be digitalized (Valdez et al., 2015). The hospital currently implementing the care facilities and other operations are ineffective. Therefore, it must use its functionality in a provision of safe, efficient and effective care services for its patients (Hersh, 2014). This analysis in part is required to determine the contemporary status of Informatics in Metro Hospital. It is necessary to measure if Metro can incur the cost of adopting the electronic Medical records system (Murray Wright, 2014). It is essential to assess if the process in the first step exceeds the estimated budget. If so then the cost must be adjusted for subsequent stages despite the auditing event (Dixon et al., 2013). The analysis also includes the review of EMR in fulfilling its purpose and assesses the frame of time (Valdez et al., 2015). Analysis of current situation of Metro Hospital includes assessment of hospitals component deployment and understanding of the short-term goals of the organization. The study showed that the hospital has good connections with medical professionals, which are not linked electronically (Fossum Moe, 2013). Therefore, these exercises must be fulfilled first. The method of searching the electronic records manually must be replaced with the computer search. Metro needs to practice decreasing the time spent on manual process and serving the patients and save its resources (Valdez et al., 2015). These measures will determine the factor of benefit in implementing EMR (Nambisan et al., 2015). The Metro hospital team should be aware of the management practices newly implemented to run EMR. Regulatory bodies must set guidelines and legislations for taking patient's consent before the accession and saving their information in EHRs/EMRs (Custis et al., 2016). There must be stringent rules for maintaining the confidentiality of the patient's records and there shall be no integrity issues (Brown et al., 2012). Roadmap for achieving HIMSS level 7 by 2025 To achieve HIMSS level 7 by 2025, there are several stages to be followed by the Metro hospital. In stage 0- the hospital must install radiology, laboratory, and pharmacy department systems, as already there is some clinical automation present (Valdez et al., 2015). In stage one, Metro must be ensured that these ancillary systems store the data into Clinical Data Repository including those of imaging systems for quick retrieval by the medical staff (Fossum Moe, 2013). In this stage, all the three systems will be installed and next to it Controlled Medical Vocabulary Clinical Data Repository and the CDSS inference engine will "Document Imaging". In this second stage, clinical documentation is must while the electronic Medication Administration Record care plan charting and nursing notes are integrated and implemented with the CDR and are scored with extra points (Brown et al., 2012). At the initial level, it is also necessary to build the support system to check order entry errors in pharmacy services (Murray Wright, 2014). During the third stage, the medical personnel confined to the radiology department should have the accession to hospitals intranet (Valdez et al., 2015). In the fourth stage, any medical professional of Metro hospital using the Computerized Physician/Practitioner Order Entry will be updated with CDR (Paton, 2014). During the fifth stage; Patient care services require close administration, bar coding, and Radio Frequency Identification (Dixon et al., 2013). It will improve the quality and safety of care services. Sixthly, there will be the complete documentation of one of the hospital department. The clinical actions of the physicians and used protocols will be verified for its "compliance and variance alerts (Schirmer et al., 2013). Finally, its the GO live! situation by 2025, where it is ensured that the hospital has established the EMR environment. The hospital at this stage is paperless, and the transactions are electronic based. There will be a proper dissemination of information among different departments and medical staff. At this stage, the HCO will support the actual HER (Koch, 2013). At the executive level, there should be an implementation of a strategic plan. According to (Brown et al., 2012) A governance structure should also be build to facilitate decision making, accountability, prioritization and management which include a user-focused comprehensive plan which deals with informing people how to handle change. Therefore, there should be a governance structure along with the working committee that will facilitate the management, prioritization, decision making and accountability (Yawen et al., 2016). To embark this long journey to reach the destination of level 7 by 2025 the business process requires stretching its goals and balancing the needs (Mastellos et al., 2015). The processing in the executive engagement may take three years, and that of the process measurement may comprise of two years. Establishment of the IT infrastructure consumes another two years. The whole executive team should be supportive and committed towards the goal (Valdez et al., 2015). The hospital must demonstrate the data agility before the implementation. Metro must take preventive actions before the stakeholders get disengaged and the whole project comes to a stall. Metro must foresee the incremental benefits arising with the implementation of EMR. To become fully digital, the entire process must take around ten years of time (Nambisan et al., 2015). Implementation Plan The implementation plan for the Metro Hospital will include: Purpose, current analysis of hospital, overview of management Implementation schedule Security and privacy system during implementation IT resources, documentation and required personnel Training of personnel, monitoring of performance, and evaluation configuration management interface and site requirement details (Bissett et al., 2016) Additional resources for the implementation of EMR are: Citrix technology for accession by users in the hospital and other remote areas through wireless technology such as smartphones, tablets (Xue et al., 2012). The hospital requires proper allocation of funds and minimize overspending of funds and resources (Hersh Valerius, 2013). To achieve the fully digital status by 2025, there are series of stages to be passed by the hospital. There are many hurdles to be overcome during the implementation journey. One of the critical steps is the proper planning of HER and its acquisition (Fossum Moe, 2013). The assessment and evaluation of medical process follow this critical step. "E-communication patient providers and portals" will help in supporting the documentation (Wang et al., 2013). The final implementation of the EMR/EHR will make the electronic system for Metro legal by 2025. Thus, the goal of attaining the automatic status will be accomplished by the establishment of EMR successfully along with the incorporation of automation and Information Technology (Valdez et al., 2015). Therefore, there will be increased improvement in care delivered to the patients (Custis et al., 2016). Once fully EHR system is implemented Metro hospital will become a place with improved applications, documentation by automation and coding resulting in speedy billing services. This will decrease the medical errors as it will improve the collaboration process between the patients and physicians (Mastellos et al., 2015). It increases the opportunities for students willing to participate in clinical trials and other academic research (Hung et al., 2013). As a result of a big channel that Metro hospital has, with well-qualified practitioners, further implementing EMR provide the hospital with the global environment. It can easily connect with its international patients who will also get feasibility to shop the procedures (Nambisan et al., 2015). Governance This is an essential step during an implementation of HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025. Two committees will govern this whole process in Metro hospital. One is the IT Committee" and other is "departments affected by the EMR-EHR. Clinical staff and other members engaged in this process directly or indirectly must abide by the rules and guidelines and aware of their individual responsibilities (Craven et al., 2015). All the members will be involved in the decision-making. According to Schirmer et al., (2013), Governance arrangements should include all the agency lines of accountability and reporting coupled with the relevant executive committees and agency boards in the hospital. The governance of the project will ensure that all the services in an attempt of HIMSS EMR Adoption Model are delivered. To assess the success of the implementation project separate governing bodies of Metro must well collaborate with each other. Regular conferences will be held in Metro to check the progress, address the emerging problems and update the whole project (Yawen et al., 2016). Likelihood of success and identification of risk I believe that Metro hospital will be successful in achieving HIMSS EMR Adoption Model level 7 by 2025. It is due to the staff committed towards the organizational goals. There will be some hindrance initially, due to the difficulty faced by the practitioners in being accustomed to the use of health information technology (Murray Wright, 2014). The other risk factors are the maladaptive behavior of insiders and lack of policy awareness. The health information may be leaked to the third parties by increasing cybercrime (hacking, electronic mail phishing, and social media) (Hung et al., 2013). It may turn disastrous for the hospitals reputation. Therefore, the hospital must be prepared with data recovery policies and weak disaster recovery plans (Mastellos et al., 2015). The use of benchmark metrics is necessary for obtaining more than comparative information by the usability ratings. For every scenario, the clinical environment for the end users must be assessed. Further, the users actual performances against the perceived ideal performance will be compared to generate a target score to upgrade the user requirements. This will enhance the present performance of EMR system (Nambisan et al., 2015). Recommendations For adopting the model of HIMSS EMR by 2025, Metro needs to be assessed for its barriers and risk factors. The ability to bring about significant change or transformation from manual method to electronic based clinical transactions will provide the hospital with the range of benefits and opportunities (Hung et al., 2013). The changes will be reflected at both population level and individual level. The success rate of EMR-EHR will correlate with the input given by the departments engaged in the process as well as on the quality of care (Paton, 2014). It is recommended that the committees governing the implementations of the EMR should be respected for their contribution. It is through them that the ideas, criticisms, suggestions are provided by the stakeholders (Murray Wright, 2014). There should be timely monitoring and evaluation of the strategies used in adopting the EMR-HER system to make sure that expectations are met, and the improved healthcare practices are upheld (Craven et al., 2015). It is suggested that the hospital must demonstrate the data agility before the implementation. Metro must take preventive actions before the stakeholders get disengaged and the whole project comes to a stall. Metro must foresee the incremental benefits arising with the implementation of EMR. Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be inferred that, adopting the EMR model, a hospital will thus help in improving the client services and its efficiency by decreasing medical errors (Fossum Moe, 2013). It will enhance its result management. The improved results will be proliferated with the quick access to the contemporary practices. The business report has dealt with HIMSS and its importance in health care sector. It demonstrated how HIMSS would be helpful in the implementation of electronic medical record system. The report has clearly stated the critical success factor of this scheme. The report detailed the analysis of the current situation of the health informatics in Metro Hospital. Based on this analysis the practices required to implement efficient information management system were easy to discuss. Further, the report has given a systematic presentation of HIMSS EMR Adoption Model and its implementation plan. The author discussed project governance and its alignment with state and national eHealth programs. Conclusively, the report has given me a clear concept on what is EMR and its importance in the health sector and how difficult it is in real to adopt such model in the hospital. References Bissett, K., Cadena, J., Khan, M., Kuhlman, C. J., Lewis, B., Telionis, P. A. (2016, February). An integrated agent-based approach for modeling disease spread in large populations to support health informatics. In2016 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI)(pp. 629-632). IEEE. Brown, G. D., Patrick, T. B., Pasupathy, K. S. (2012).Health informatics: a systems perspective. Health Administration Press. Craven, C. K., Doebbeling, B., Furniss, D., Holden, R. J., Lau, F., Novak, L. L. (2015). Evidence-based Health Informatics Frameworks for Applied Use.Studies in health technology and informatics,222, 77-89. Custis, L. M., Hawkins, S. Y., Thomason, T. R. (2016). An innovative capstone health care informatics clinical residency: Interprofessional team collaboration.Health informatics journal, 1460458215627188. Dixon, B. E., Pina, J., Kharrazi, H., Gharghabi, F., Richards, J. (2015). Whats Past Is Prologue: A Scoping Review of Recent Public Health and Global Health Informatics Literature.Online journal of public health informatics,7(2). Dixon, B. E., Turner, A. M., Pina, J., Kharrazi, H., Richards, J. (2013). Public and Global Health Informatics Year in Review. InAMIA. Fossum, M., Moe, C. E. (2013, August). Masterand# 8217; s Program in Health Informatics at University of Agder. InScandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2013; Copenhagen; Denmark; August 20; 2013(No. 091, pp. 87-88). Linkping University Electronic Press. Gibson, C. J., Dixon, B. E., Abrams, K. (2015). Convergent evolution of health information management and health informatics.Applied clinical informatics,6(1), 163-184. Hersh, W. B., Valerius, J. (2013). A tale of two professions health information management and biomedical/health informatics converge at OHSU.Journal of the American Health Information Management Association,84(10), 37-41. Hersh, W. R. (2014). Context and Value of Biomedical and Health Informatics. InPublic Health Informatics and Information Systems(pp. 37-46). Springer London. Hung, M., Conrad, J., Hon, S. D., Cheng, C., Franklin, J. D., Tang, P. (2013). Uncovering patterns of technology use in consumer health informatics.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics,5(6), 432-447. Koch, S. (2013). Achieving holistic health for the individual through person-centered collaborative care supported by informatics.Healthcare informatics research,19(1), 3-8. Mastellos, N., Car, J., Majeed, A., Aylin, P. (2015). INNOVATION IN HEALTH INFORMATICS.Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics Vol,22(1). Murray, P. J., Wright, G. (2014). Towards a Research Agenda for Web 2.0 and Social Media in Health and Informatics.Ghanaian Population. Debrah O, Srofenyo E, Aryee NA, Quaye IK............. 77, 89. Nambisan, P., Luo, Z., Kapoor, A., Patrick, T. B., Cisler, R. A. (2015, January). Social Media, Big Data, and Public Health Informatics: Ruminating Behavior of Depression Revealed through Twitter. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2906-2913). IEEE. Ong, K. (2014). Health Informatics Defined.Physician Informatics Community. Paton, C. (2014). Massive open online course for health informatics education.Healthcare informatics research,20(2), 81-87. Schirmer, P., Winston, C., Ryono, R., Lucero-Obusan, C., Oda, G., Holodniy, M. (2013). Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, Vol 5, No 1 (2013).Online Journal of Public Health Informatics,5(1). Shah, G. H., Leider, J. P., Castrucci, B. C., Williams, K. S., Luo, H. (2016). Characteristics of Local Health Departments Associated with Implementation of Electronic Health Records and Other Informatics Systems.Public Health Reports,131(2). Valdez, R. S., Holden, R. J., Novak, L. L., Veinot, T. C. (2015). Technical infrastructure implications of the patient work framework.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,22(e1), e213-e215. Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Wilson, R. F., Bleich, S., Cheskin, L., Weston, C., ... Segal, J. (2013). Childhood obesity prevention programs: comparative effectiveness review and meta-analysis. Warner, H. R., Sorenson, D. K., Bouhaddou, O. (2012).Knowledge engineering in health informatics. Springer Science Business Media. Xue, L., Yen, C. C., Chang, L., Chan, H. C., Tai, B. C., Tan, S. B., ... Choolani, M. (2012). An exploratory study of ageing women's perception on access to health informatics via a mobile phone-based intervention.International journal of medical informatics,81(9), 637-648. Yawen, Y., Nakamura, M., Nakashima, N. (2016). Designing Health Data Management Systems: Learning From Prominent Worldwide Applications.Journal of Health Medical Informatics,2016.

WHY DID YOU DO IT HUCK Essays - Picaresque Novels, Huckleberry Finn

WHY DID YOU DO IT HUCK? A young boy by the name of Huck Finn fakes his death to escape imprisonment from his father. Huck has left his hometown in horror after his brutal death. The small Illinois town has been in search for the killers of this young boy too long to be happy with the death being a decoy. Throughout this detailed article, the USA Today is proud to give you, the reader, a detailed explanation of Huck's planning, executing, and ending to his fake death. The once imprisoned boy ends up running across the country. This whole event began one spring day while Huck is living with Widow Douglas. His drunk and abusive father, Pap, ends Huck's stay with the widow and kidnaps Huck. Pap then takes his ?civilized? son three miles up and across the river to a heavily woody area. In the woods is a cabin where nobody could find it. This is where Pap makes Huck his prisoner. Pap would lock the cabins only door and keep the key with him at all times. Pap would make Huck fish and hunt for their food. Then Pap would get valuables, lock up Huck, and then sell the goods in town for alcohol. Huck's clothes became torn and ragged after not receiving any new clothing from Pap. The only reason Pap wants to have Huck is so that he will gain custody of, and the money that is in his sons name. After a trip Pap made to town, which lasted three days, Huck searched the entire cabin over a hundred times for a way out of the cabin. Then before losing all hope Huck finds a small wood saw. Huck then used the saw on the bott om rear log of the cabin. But before Huck could finish, Pap returns from his trip. Huck's plan becomes uneasy when Pap says that he will probably move Huck to a more secluded spot along the river. Huck devises a new plan to ?walk off with the gun and some lines, and take to the woods when I run away. I guess I wouldn't stay in one place, but just tramp across the country, mostly night times, and hunt and fish to keep me alive, and so get so far away that the old man and the widow couldn't ever find me any more?(Chap.6). Huck plans on leaving that night, but falls into a deep sleep. The next day Huck plans on Pap getting drunk, allowing Huck to escape. Huck will escape when his father falls asleep, giving Huck time to steal the cabin key and run away without being noticed. But before this occurs, Huck once again falls asleep. Then suddenly, Huck wakes up to Pap screaming about snakes and attempting to kill ?The Angel of Death? ? Huck. ?He chased me round and round the place with a clasp knife, calling me the Angel of Death, and saying he would kill me?(Chap.6). Huck is now scared, so he grabs the gun and points it at Pap until Pap settles down. The next day when Huck is to go fish, he discovers an empty canoe. Huck hides the canoe, in hope to use it in his escape. ?I judged I'd hide her good, and then ?stead of taking the woods when I run off, I'd go down the river about fifty mile and camp in one place for good, and not have such a rough time on foot?(Chap.7). Huck now has a new plan so that ?nobody won't think of following me.? While Pap leaves on a trip to town, Huck finishes sawing the log in the back of the cabin, and succeeds. Huck gathers up all the supplies he will need on his trip. These supplies include: corn meal, bacon, the whiskey jug, coffee, sugar, the gun, ammunition, the wadding, a bucket and gourd, dipper and tin cup, the saw and two blankets, a skillet, fish lines, and matches. Huck fixes the log so that the cabin looks untouched. Before Huck leaves, he hunts one more time for some food. He finds some wild pigs and gets an idea. Huck takes the dead pig up to the cabin. This is where huck

The Formula One Constructors free essay sample

The Formula One constructors Mark Jenkins 1. Introduction This case enables students to explore sources of competitive advantage using the context of Formula One (F1) motorsport. The case highlights the ways in which three particular F1 teams created four situations of competitive dominance for a sustained period. It allows the students to consider individual teams and the generic issues needed to succeed in this specialised context. The case is organised into five parts. The first is a brief overview designed to give those unfamiliar with F1 some understanding of its history and structure.This is followed by four detailed descriptions of particular periods of dominance by an F1 team. The introduction to the case describes the overall nature of Formula One motorsport and its origins in Europe after World War II. It identifies some of the central aspects of being an F1 constructor, such as the need to generate sponsor revenues through increasingly sophisticated marketing strategies, and also the need to design, develop, manufacture and race open-wheel single-seat racecars. We will write a custom essay sample on The Formula One Constructors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Note: the term ‘constructor’ differentiates F1 from other racing series in which race teams compete with bought-in racecars.F1 constructors are effectively in the business of designing and constructing prototypes – each car being unique to each constructor but within a set of pre-defined rules that cover weight, dimensions and other basic parameters. The introduction also makes reference to the nature of the motorsport cluster in the UK, a phenomenon similar to that of Silicon Valley in California. In 2004, seven of the ten F1 teams were located within this specialised cluster, located roughly within a 50 mile (80 km) radius of Oxford.This provides an opportunity to connect to issues of location and national/regional competitive advantage. This is followed by four accounts of sustained competitive advantage (here we define sustained as three or four years of dominance) featuring Ferrari in the mid-1970s, McLaren in the late 1980s, Williams in the mid-1990s and Ferrari from 1999–2003. Each account explores the background to the constructor, from the formation of these entrepreneurial businesses through to their development into a world-class rganisation. The focus is on the build-up to their period of competitive advantage, but each case also then relates to the loss of the advantage for the constructor in this period, with the exception of the final case where the discussion may usefully be directed as to what may cause the loss of competitive advantage. 231 Â © Pearso n Education Limited 2005 Instructor’s Manual 2. Position of the case This case can be used to explore the issues raised by the resource-based view of strategy. It provides a basis for students to develop causal linkages between particular resources and their effect on achieving competitive advantage. The context particularly emphasises the relative nature of competitive advantage, i. e. that the resource-based view requires a constant reference to the resources and competence of competitors in order to define competitive advantage. These issues are examined in Exploring Corporate Strategy, chapters 3 and 5. The case was designed to be used on an MBA programme where students consider the application of the resource-based view in order to ‘unpack’ sources of advantage.The case has also been successfully used on final-year undergraduate programmes and also for executive development in helping managers explore the nature and location of sources of advantage. 3. Learning objectives The overall learning objectives can be summarised as follows: To understand that although strategy can be seen as generic at a high level, it will always be idiosyncratic at the organisational level, even where organisations are in the same industry and all have the same goal.Therefore strategic management has to focus on the idiosyncratic characteristics of every organisation in order to develop a strategy that will work in this context. Strategies that are based on highly mobile resources (e. g. individual drivers, designers or engine suppliers) need to focus either on finding ways of locking in these resources, or on building competence to allow them to continually find and acquire new ones. While highly complex and idiosyncratic resources are particularly difficult to imitate (e. g. Ferrari) they are also difficult to manage and vulnerable to changes in the environment or a loss in any of the elements.Sustained advantage is often achieved through the linkages between resources rather than the resources themselves (e. g. the way the drivers link in to the design engineers). A shift in the environment can suddenly change the value of particular resources; an external view is therefore fundamental to sustaining advantage. It can also raise the point that advantage can be created by luck: a fortuitous combination of resources or a lucky event in the environment. This can be used to develop the debate about whether managers influence strategy or just post-rationalise their luck in strategic terms. 32 Â © Pearson Education Limited 2005 1. 2. 3. What do you need in order to succeed in Formula One? Why do you think your team were successful during this period? Why were they unable to sustain this success? What could they have done to sustain their success further? Instructor’s Manual 4. Teaching process There are a number of different ways in which the case can be used. It works particularly well in situations where the participants spend some time in group work before discussing the cases, such as on an MBA programme. The usual way to apply the case would be to allocate separate syndicate groups to consider one of the four accounts of competitive advantage. A series of questions are used to guide the way in which the students approach the case. The recommended approach is to start with each syndicate presenting their responses to the case questions (see below). At the end of each syndicate the instructor would summarise the key points on the board, under four columns, one for each account of sustained competitive advantage. As each group presents, the instructor will finish up with a quite distinctive set of key words under each.This enables the session to move on to the learning points. The way this is handled will depend on learning maturity, but it is best to simply ask the plenary session what similarities and differences they see between the four accounts. Put these up on the board/OHP and then go on to ask what conclusions they would draw from these. This will take the discussion into the notion that while at a high level strategy might be generic, at a management level it is highly idiosyncratic and context specific. 5. Questions for discussion 6. Case analysisThis section offers a number of suggestions for discussing the above questions and exploring related issues. 6. 1 What do you need in order to succeed in Formula One? This question is intended to get the students to identify the generic model needed to succeed in this industry. At a very simplistic level this can be described as having unique resources such as the best driver, the best car (achieved by bringing together the chassis design and engine technology) and the best supporting team, which provides race tactics, pit stops, etc.All of this is supported by finance, which comes from the ability to attract and retain sponsors (this is less important for Ferrari, who are owned by Fiat). This discussion can be developed by discussion as to what ‘best’ means and how 233 Â © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructor’s Manual this is created. It raises issues about separating the causes for success from the effects of success: is Ron Dennis the cause of success for McLaren? Or is this a perception created by the fact that he happens to manage a successful team? 6. Why do you think your team were successful during this period? We now move from the generic level of success to consider the specifics of each team. The issues raised will be attributed to personalities, but will also be about the ways in which different teams approach the task of winning the championship. Ferrari and their renaissance in the mid 1970s Ferrari were successful because everything worked together. While they have always had a huge wealth of technical expertise and resources, the problem has been getting this to work together.In the past this had been exacerbated by the ‘divide and rule’ style of Enzo Ferrari. This working together was exemplified in the relationship between three key individuals: driver Niki Lauda, designer Mauro Forghieri and team manager Luca Montezemolo. The other reason for Ferrari’s success was that because they had their own unique approach (e. g. they built their own engines and gearboxes) it was very difficult for other competitors to imitate them, as they did not have access to the same technology as Ferrari. McLaren and Honda domination in the late 1980sMcLaren were successful because they were able to put together the best of everything. They secured exclusive use of the Honda engine at a time when it was the most powerful and reliable; they were also able to secure the services of the best drivers around (Senna and Prost). This was due to the high level of funds made available by sponsor Philip Morris. Another issue that often comes up is the commercial and leadership skills of Ron Dennis. An interesting area for discussion here is their decision to recruit the two best drivers.Was this a good idea or did it create more problems than benefits? It raises the question of locking in resources not just to maximise your performance, but also to deny your competitors access to them. Williams and the technological revolution: the mid 1990s Williams’ success was due to their engineering focus, which enabled them to take many of the innovations developed by other teams and turn these into a car that was both fast and very reliable. This engineering focus can be attributed to the long-standing partnership of Frank Wil liams and Patrick Head. Williams were notable in their disregard for drivers and their attention to building a wide-ranging relationship with their engine supplier Renault. 234 Â © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructor’s Manual This discussion raises issue around the different choices which firms have in terms of the kinds of resources on which they focus. From one aspect Williams’ strategy makes a great deal of sense in that they are more able to appropriate the benefit of engineering resources, whereas driver resources are highly mobile.Ferrari: the return to glory: 1999–2003 This account is in marked contrast to the Williams approach in that Ferrari based their resource strategy primarily around driver Michael Schumacher. The usual conclusion here is that it is all down to Schumacher, but closer examination reveals this not to be the case. Whilst Schumacher was undoubtedly a key element in the success, he probably would not have achieved it without the rebuilding of the technica l team and their close partnership with Bridgestone tyres.An interesting area for discussion is to compare how Ferrari’s success in this period is different from the previous period. This draws out the importance of being able to implement change as being a key part of competitive success. 6. 3 Why were they unable to sustain this success? What could they have done to sustain their success further? Here the students will focus on the reason why the advantage was removed. This also allows them to consider whether or not anything could have been done to prevent this loss of advantage.Ferrari and their renaissance in the mid 1970s The reason for Ferrari’s loss of advantage can be isolated into two factors: first, the discontinuity created by the promotion of Montezemolo to head up the whole of Fiat’s motorsport operation, and Lauda’s accident, which took him out of racing for around six months. Second, Ferrari’s unique approach constrained them in terms of responding to new innovations, most notably the introduction of ground-effect, which required a slim ‘V’ configuration engine rather than Ferrari’s traditional flat 12.This raises the point about whether an organisation that does all its activity in house can keep pace with the combined efforts of the many ‘generic’ suppliers used by the other teams. McLaren and Honda domination in the late 1980s The reasons for McLaren’s demise were very simple. Honda pulled out of Formula One. This in turn broke the virtuous circle that attracted the best drivers, and Ayrton Senna moved to Williams.This raised the question of what value McLaren themselves generated, as the key to success seemed clearly to reside in Honda engines and the skills of Ayrton Senna, both of which were relatively mobile resources. 235 Â © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Instructor’s Manual In terms of what they could have done, there is certainly evidence to suggest that McLaren chief Ron Dennis should have considered the possibility of a Honda withdrawal more seriously. It illustrates how phenomenal success can blind management to the possibility of change. Williams and the technological revolution: the mid 1990sIn the case of Williams, their advantage was eroded through a series of events: first the loss of exclusive access to the Renault engine when Renault decided to provide engines to the Benetton team; second, the leakage of some of their know-how through their junior designers moving to other teams – mainly because they would be unable to gain a senior position in Williams as long as Patrick Head was there; and third the recruitment of superior drivers (specifically Michael Schumacher to Benetton) leading to the Williams car’s advantage being eroded. However, it could also be argued that Williams were still in a position to dominate. When Michael Schumacher left Benetton to join Ferrari the Benetton team failed to sustain their advantage, and Williams once again became dominant. A discussion could be developed around some of these issues. Ferrari: the return to glory: 1999–2003 At the time of writing Ferrari are still enjoying a period of unparalleled dominance. The question therefore needs to be amended to consider the factors which might create a loss of dominance and also how they would deal with this in a strategic sense.The most obvious factor is the retirement of Michael Schumacher: it is possible that when he leaves many of the key people around him may also take the opportunity to move on whilst their employment value is very high – or alternatively take early retirement to enjoy the fruits of their labours. There are some potential parallels with Ferrari’s loss of success at the end of the 1970s with some of the key people being promoted to other roles. In 2004 Luca di Montezemolo became chairman of Fiat and Jean Todt became CEO for the entire Ferrari operation – including the 3500 people who work on road cars. It is an interesting discussion to explore the problem of succession in high performing organisations and whether it is in fact possible to sustain performance at all in the long run and that firms benefit from a period of regeneration and regrouping. 236 Â © Pearson Education Limited 2005

Disadvantage of High Out-of-State Tuition Essays

Disadvantage of High Out-of-State Tuition Essays Disadvantage of High Out-of-State Tuition Essay Disadvantage of High Out-of-State Tuition Essay Disadvantage of High Out-of-State Tuition Sometimes universities and state colleges will attract high school graduates across state lines because certain schools better fit their personal academic plan, but the fearsome out-of-state tuition often repels a large chunk of student population who cannot afford the raised tuition price. Out of state tuition is more expensive because in-state residents fund state colleges through annual taxes, while non-residents do not. Out-of-state tuition should be lowered to help give all students more equal opportunities to attend a certain college of their choice, regardless of being a resident or not. Elevated tuition rates for non-residents could negatively affect both the school and its potential student opportunities High out-of-state tuition often can greatly hinder opportunities of graduating students that are seeking higher education. When a student considers universities they would like to attend, affordability of tuition rates becomes a huge factor in which schools they can go to. Often students have difficulty paying for residential tuition ND are forced to rely on student loans, financial aid, and scholarships. Occasionally, scholarships are the only components keeping some students on the track to higher education. Sometimes graduating high school students seek education out of their home state based on different factors; to find a better school elsewhere that better fits their needs, weather, population of city or town, crime rate, availability of public transportation, plans of where to live after graduation, and sometimes simply Just to get out of their home town. In a chart constructed by the U. S. Department of Education, the average differences of total residential and non-residential tuition costs between 2008 2010 are roughly a colossal $12,000, strictly from crossing over state lines (ONCE). With the exception of scholarships, being able to afford this much of a difference can be quite difficult for students and parents. Unfortunately, high prices like this could prevent a severe amount of people from attending a university out of their home state, possibly being detrimental to the future of graduating high school students. Sadly, tuition cost loud even prevent students from continuing education after high school. High out-of-state tuition costs could also leave students immersed in debt with loans and financial aid. Graduates of a university dont always immediately find a well-supporting Job, so debt can be become very difficult to pay off over time. With other expenses such as food, rental payments, car repairs and/or transportation, and other necessities, debt can leave a graduate broke and in desperate need of income to pay off what they owe. Not only does increased out-of-state tuition negatively affect students, but universities, private colleges, and even the state itself, too. Because high tuition could prevent non-residential students from attending a certain college, that school will have less students. This nears that there will be empty seats in the classroom and empty beds in dorms. When there are empty spaces anywhere at a college, the school is losing a significant volume of revenue for every student that does not attend their classes. Ultimately, this can cause a ripple effect where the school either needs to raise In-state talons, or rely even more on tax revenue Trot ten state, or else teen ill lose money, need to lower income of teachers, and reduce the quality of the school. In some cases across the U. S. The state has more public colleges and universities than its population can support. This also happens within declining college towns. When a state or town cannot support the colleges that reside within it, the college can do two things to stay afloat; increase tuition, or receive more taxes from the state, which is hard to achieve with recent educational budget cuts that are spreading across the country. This is another case of a ripple effect, where the population of th e own and surrounding areas will suffer because there are fewer students to move into town during school and after graduating. As a nation, we need more college graduates in order to stay competitive in the global economy, but if the costs keep on rising, especially at a time when family incomes are hurting, college will become increasingly unaffordable for the middle class. Education secretary Earn Duncan (Armor). As Duncan explains, high tuition prices can become prohibitively expensive for families and it will affect the economy dearly. Though lowering tuition seems like a great idea, raising state tuition is beneficial to the state and some say students are willing to pay what they believe their education is worth. Tuition elevated to a reasonable value could generate millions of dollars for the school; money that could be used to offset maintenance costs, raise employee income, and expand the university. At Kansas universities, tuition is $2,000 less for undergraduate students, as opposed to similar colleges around the country. If the out-of-state tuition was raised to the national average cost, the state could reduce up to $33 million more than usual (Carlson). Analyzing data is tricky to calculate when deciding appropriate tuition rates. Sometimes a raised tuition is necessary for certain colleges, but not most. Raised tuition for a college that does not necessarily prove to be worth it could cause even more students to be unable to attend that college, forcing the school to rely heavily on the students that do pay the higher price. Some will argue that out-of-state tuition should not be lowered because non- residents do not pay state taxes that support that school. Out-of-state tuition is meant to make up for all the lost tax revenue from non-residents that can greatly help fund the school. Families contribute state taxes to provide for surrounding colleges within state lines, so state colleges always have a way to receive funding, whether from out-of- state tuition or state resident taxes. Though there is a way for non-residential students to reduce their tuition based on several factors. It is possible to apply for qualifications to pay in-state tuition depending on location, whether the student lives in a border county, by receiving an athletic waiver, being a senior citizen, having capabilities, or acquiring an apprenticeship.

Nonw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nonw - Essay Example For Patricia Muir, the carrying capacity of the earth is the maximum theoretical population size that will remain stable if and only if the supply of resources does not change. However, this is indeed theoretical at best because not only does population size change all the time, but the supply of resources also change independent of population changes. The worst case scenario, therefore, based on Muir’s definition, is that the population size will keep increasing, the supply of resources will keep decreasing, and this will most likely drive the population to instability. Stability, as implied by Muir, is the state where the population may not experience any social or economic problems related to survival and ease of living. Sarah Postel, in her article â€Å"Carrying Capacity: Earth’s Bottom Line,† defines carrying capacity in a rather simple way as â€Å"the largest number of any given species that a habitat can support indefinitely† (4). There is no idea of stabilization driven at here by Postel, as based on her definition, carrying capacity is simply the capacity of the earth to feed a certain maximum number of people, whether or not this will lead to stability. Nevertheless, the definitions of Muir and Postel are far from the reality of the situation for several other factors that affect carrying capacity are not being considered in their definitions. Based on data from Cornell University, the carrying capacity of the earth is estimated to be 10 to 15 billion people, but estimates since 1679 by Anton van Leeuwhenhoek to the present have varied at the range between 1 billion to over a trillion people. The variations are due to the fact that it is admittedly â€Å"difficult to estimate† the human carrying capacity of the earth (The Carrying Capacity). The true reason behind this degree of uncertainty is that the world has been different in different eras in history and humans had different needs and different lifestyles for every part of his history. This is evident during the sudden exponential rise in human population from 1400 to the present while it remained fairly stable centuries before 1400, and no one knows for sure why this happened (Cohen 341). Another reason for the uncertainty in determining the carrying capacity of the earth is that the governments of the world do not exactly know what factors ultimately determine carrying capacity. Among the factors being considered there are food, nutrients, space, technology specifically and the availability of each (The Carrying Capacity). Still, other experts say that the problem is not within the environment but with people’s social, political and economic activities, which are all affected by culture, religion, language, values and ethnicity (Cohen 341). Others like Hardin theorize that the earth actually has its own natural way of correcting its own carrying capacity and the problem is that people’s ethical beliefs, like â€Å"Human life is sacred†

Social Media and Political Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media and Political Campaign - Essay Example Texts will form the most prominent part of this campaign strategy. Additionally, phone calls would be vital in the same. The method of texts will articulate in the sense of automatic machines that send constant messages. These will send the most vital messages of the campaign. It will cover the party and the campaign’s slogan. Additionally, it would entail Obama’s principal message or agenda. The other form would entail sending of message that the campaign situation arouses (Harfoush 117). In this strategy, the same would entail responding to queries and comments from the public. Such comments would have to utilize youth-friendly word play. It is vital to note of various requirements to texts. It would involve a study, of use of texts, by youths. The constant messages would have to put up with the colloquial orientation of youth’s language. Since the youths would need an engagement with the campaign, it would be vital that the social media section provide polling and breaking news to the youth population. In addition, the social media section will design applications that enable networking sites in phones. In close relation to the same, it will collaborate with the applications’ companies in availing free systems for phones. In this sense, youths would be able to access videos, of Obama’s campaigns, in other areas. The mobile phones’ applications would be vital in attaining contact information. The applications are vital in locating voter’s centers. Such a target enables tailoring of campaigns in order that it fits the same. As regards Romney campaign, the strategy would involve utilization of social networking sites. The social networking sites have proven to be constructive tools, of marketing, as pertains to business (Amerland 118). This perspective is essential for Romney’s campaign. This regards the underlying fact that relates to attraction of people. In every form of marketing, people are the

Was WWI caused by the operation or breakdown of the balance of power Essay

Was WWI caused by the operation or breakdown of the balance of power - Essay Example Introduction: The original traces of world war one can be stretched back to the events of 17th and 18th century. Major players in this account were the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Great Britain, France, Germany and numerous others. Each had its own significance on account of the strategic importance enjoyed or the military and other strengths. The Ottoman Empire had its own account of strengths and it served as the center figure in the entire proceedings of the European affairs. Brief Background: France had become a potent force ever since the era of Napoleon. The Napoleon wars had created unrest of its own kind in form of the geographical disturbances of the maps of Europe. Germany had its own account of tale and history. Great Britain had enjoyed supremacy and history of excellence in recent centuries in its own manner and as a result, this situation resulted in a situation and environment of rivalry and animosity against one another. Allies and Central Powers: Based on the interests, rivalries, soft corners and direct and hidden motives against one another the Europe ended up getting divided into two distinct blocs. The Allies that made up for one strong army and team of nations, in contrast to them was the Central powers that were driven by the ambitions of ending the status quo. The Allies contained the likes of Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Central powers included the Germans, the Austrians, and Ottoman Empire as the three big players. As a result of this broad and visible division, the European continent was split up into two distinct blocs with the continent itself on the verge of a military offensive and launching against the other camp through the mere excuse of military and personal damages. The case of Ottoman Empire: Ottoman Empire reached its zenith in the middle of 15th century when it captured Constantinople in 1453 (Turnbull, 2012, 37). It saw the first halt in its proceedings in 1682-1683 when it was stopped in its offensives against the Europeans notably Hungry, Austria and Poland. Since that time on Ottoman Empire and the Porte kept getting inflicted with all kinds of issues and problems. The Porte was faced with problems from the governors designated in different parts of the entire kingdom that was spread across multiple continents, on others it was on account of the issues with Russia. The case of Holy Places: Holy places were point of interest for various subjects. The holy places came about in form of the Palestine and Jerusalem. The Porte had the custody of these places and he would from time to time assign the custody and guardianship from one set of subjects to other interchangeable shifting between the Protestants and the Catholics. The shift over took place between the Latin Catholics guardians and the Greek monks who demanded the custody. France and Russia were split apart over the rivalry and interest in this matter. Both had political motives against it which they presented, expressed and aimed a t protecting through the cry, slogan and garb of religious interests. The French were siding with the Latin followers who demanded the custody, while the Russians sided with the Protestant Greek Monks. In recent times on account of negligence the Porte had decided to handover the guardianship and custody on the account of negligence by one of the party. This gave rise to political debate and political point scoring form a religious matter and

Concepts of Information Security: Politics and Technology

Concepts of Information Security: Politics and Technology The nothing to hide argument has become a very important debate recently. Now, nearly everything we do leaves an electronic trace which along with data mining, can be used to see what we are doing, and even predict our behaviour. With the recently passed Investigatory Powers Act 2016 in the UK (HM Government, 2016), 48 different agencies will have access to communication data, bulk personal data and other information with the purpose of increasing our national security. The acts main aim is to increase security against acts of terrorism, but this comes at the cost of peoples privacy. The most common argument in favour of mass surveillance is that if you have nothing to hide you should have nothing to fear, and if you are acting in an illegal manner than you deserve to be punished, and having this surveillance is there to protect us and our country. Whereas conventional armys movement can be tracked using radar, satellites and drones, terrorists dont have a navy or air force, making this means of gathering information about an attacker irrelevant. Another potential means of gathering information would be inside information, whether it be an informant or someone managing to infiltrate the organisation. However, unlike organised crime, a terrorist attack has the potential to take many lives, and it only takes one successful attack to do so, meaning one successful attack is one too many. Government surveillance can therefore be argued as the best way of protecting a nation as it means conversations can be followed and behaviours can be predicted. (Doyle, 2011). Daniel Solove has said that between the advances in technology and the government surveillance, that there are similarities with George Orwells 1984, and although not as extreme as in the book, it is still possible to track people even if they are just walking around the corner. Along with data mining of information which could be thought of as trivial, the government are predicting whether a person is a terrorist based off purchase histories along with other personal information. Whilst this sounds like it could be useful, what happens when someone is misidentified as a terrorist and added to a no-fly list or arrested? (Doyle, 2011). The European Union has also stated the surveillance on this scale is illegal, and that only targeted information gathering I justified, but with the UK leaving the EU, this will not be a problem for them soon, and will join China and Russia in being a mass surveillance state (Agerholm, 2016). Overall I feel that mass surveillance is not necessary, with targeted surveillance being adequate, and with the lack of a response from the public when this law was first announced, it has shown the government that they can get away with it, and sets a precedent going forward, making me ask the question, When does it stop? When will they have enough information? As much as George Orwells 1984 was a work of fiction, I feel like we are slowly moving in that direction, and if we get there, will there be a way back? Assira CAPTCHA The Asirra CAPTCHA was proposed at ACM CCS 2007 and works by showing the user 12 pictures of cats and dogs, with the user having to select the cat images and none of the dog images. A human can do this within 30 seconds 99.6% of the time, whereas algorithms find it much harder to differentiate between cats and dogs. Basing image classification off colour features gives a 56.9% accuracy, giving an overall probability of 0.2% to solve an Assira CAPTCHA. Assira has a database of over 3,000,000 images of cats and dogs which continues to grow. 13,000 images were collected by having a script which was left to run overnight, that would refresh and download the 12 images from the Assira research page. The images were manually classified into 3 classes of cat, dog and other. A support vector machine(SVM) classifier was used due to having the ability to extract linear combination of features, its predictive power and its scalability. 5-fold cross-validation was used to measure the accuracy of the SVM classifier, with 4 partitions used for training and the last one used to validate the results. The SVM classifier was trained on a combination of colour and texture features. Both the colour and the texture features estimate whether the picture is a cat or dog. An average of the colour and texture features is taken, with a weighting of 1/3 to colour and 2/3 to texture. Images of cats were mapped to the value of 1.0 and dogs to -1.0, meaning if the average returned a positive value, the SVM classifier would predict the image to be of a cat, whilst a negative number would result in a dog. This system resulted in a classifier with 82.7% accuracy, giving a 10.3% probability of breaking the Assira CAPTCHA, which despite being a lot lower than a human, was more than 50 times more successful than the predicted 0.2% for machine vision attacks. Using a token bucket system will greatly help to improve the robustness of the Assira CAPTCHA. Given that a human has a 99.6% success rate, giving a total of 3 attempts before having to complete 2 successful Assira CAPTCHAs greatly reduces the chance of it being broken via machine vision, without reducing the usability for a human too significantly. (Golle, 2008) Impact of Artificial Gummy Fingers on Fingerprint Systems Biometrics is a form of single factor authentication used to identify someone. Fingerprints are one of the most common forms of biometric authentication, with them being used for PCs, smart cards and portable devices. Silicone fingers as well as inked fingerprints on paper where tested before the experiment, finding that all capacitive sensors and some optical sensors rejected the silicone finger, and the inked paper was accepted on one of the systems. A fingerprint system captures data from the finger via a sensing device, extracts features from the data and encrypts it, then stores this information as a template with some personal information. When someone then uses the system, the scan is compared to the database of stored finger data and outputs an acceptance results if there is a matching template. The sensor detects the difference between ridges and valleys of the fingerprint, with optical sensors detecting the difference in reflection, whilst a capacitive sensor detects the difference in capacitance. There are several different attacks that can be performed against a fingerprint system including a criminal forcing the live finger to be used on the scanner, an attack against the authentication system with an unregistered finger, the use of a severed fingertip, a genetic clone of the registered finger or an artificial clone of the finger. To make an artificial finger an impression must first be made of the live finger. The impression of the fingerprint is a mirror reflection of the live finger, meaning the impression can be used as a mould to make the artificial finger. It can also be done by capturing the image of a residual fingerprint with a digital microscope and then making a mould to make the artificial finger which is made from gelatine. Both types of gummy fingers were accepted by the 11 different fingerprint systems used in the experiment, with varying probabilities between 67% and 100%. The number of samples was too small in this experiment to compare the different types of fingerprint systems, but there is enough evidence to show that gummy fingers can bypass this type of biometric security. (Matsumoto, T., Matsumoto, H., Yamada, K. and Hoshino, S, 2002) The best way to improve security would be multi-factor authentication. A finger print falls under the something I am category, so taking something from the something I own category, such as a key fob or card, along with the something I know category, such as a password means that if one of these protective measures is compromised, there are still two other factors an attacker must take into consideration before being able to access the information they are trying to acquire. FREAK SSL/TLS Vulnerability The Factoring RSA Export Keys (FREAK) vulnerability in Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer Security (TLS) was discovered in March 2015 by Karthikeyan Bhargavan and his research team. TLS and SSL are protocols which were designed for secure data transfer between a client and a server through authentication, encryption and integrity. (Muscat, I. 2016), (Caballero, J., Bodden, E. and Athanasopoulos, E. 2016). The vulnerability allows for a man-in-the-middle attack through an implementation error. The vulnerability was due to a US law which restricted RSA public key sizes to 512 bytes. SSL and TLS used ciphersuites with weak keys which were marked eligible for export. If a client is tryhing to connect to a trusted server, the man-in-the-middle attacker can replace the ciphersuite with an RSA_EXPORT ciphersuite of the message sent from the client to the server. The server then responds, and again, the attacker replaces the ciphersuite with an RSA ciphersuite which gets forwarded to the client. The server then sends a strong, 2048 bits, RSA public key which the client receives. The server then sends a ServerKeyExchange message with a weak, 512-bit RSA public key. The client responds with its ClientKeyExchange, ClientCSS and ClientFinished message, which the attacker can use to find the private key. The attacker can then decrypt the pre-master secret from the Client-KeyExchange. The attacker then sends a ServerFinished message to complete the handshake. This works because of a bug in a state machine composition, the message is not rejected and is silently accepted, and the servers strong public key is replaced with the weak public key in the ServerKeyExchange. (Beurdouche, B., Bhargavan, K., et al. 2015). In order to protect against this attack, server administrators would have to remove all RSA export cipher suites from their accepted cipher suite collection. Installing a browser that doesnt support RSA export cipher suites is the best way for clients to protect themselves against FREAK attacks. (Caballero, J., Bodden, E. and Athanasopoulos, E. 2016). DDoS Attacks Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are relatively simple, but can be extremely powerful. They are the most advanced form of DoS attacks. They work via packet streams from different sources. The attacks make use of large numbers of coordinated hosts to overrun a critical resource of the target. Depending on the scale of the attack, or the measures put in place to prevent such an attack, the victim could suffer damages from system shutdown, to total loss of service. They are so strong due to not trying to break the system hey are attacking, meaning traditional security mechanisms arent effective, instead causing damage through lethal traffic. When performing an attack, the attacker must select agents to perform the attack. The machines need to have a vulnerability that allows the attacker to gain access with enough resources for the attack. Then the attack must find vulnerabilities in the security of the agents machines to put in the malicious code. The attacker then communicates with handlers to see what agents are running and when to upgrade them. After all of this is done, the attack can commence. There are several different types of DDoS attacks, some of which include: Flood attacks send large amounts of IP traffic to a victim, congesting the bandwidth of the system. Depending on the volume of packets sent, the target can experience reduced system speeds, to crashing the system. Amplification attacks exploit the broadcast IP address found on most routers to amplify and reflect the attack, sending messages to a broadcast IP address. The router sends the packets to all the IP addresses within the broadcast address range. A reflector attack requires a set of predetermined reflectors. These can simply be scattered on the internet. The reflected packets are normal with a legitimate source and cannot be filtered. Protocol exploit attacks use a specific feature or implementation bug of some protocol on the victims system to consume excess resources. Malformed packet attacks use incorrectly formed IP packets and are sent to the victim to crash the system. There are two classifications for DDoS defence. The first one is based on activity deployed. Intrusion prevention aims to stop the attack from being launched in the first place. Intrusion detection means a host computer and network can guard themselves against being a source of an attack as well as being a victim. Intrusion tolerance and mitigation accepts that it is not possible to fully prevent or stop DDoS attacks, so aims to minimise the damage caused by them. Intrusion response identifies the attack sources and blocks its traffic. The second classification splits the DDoS defence into three categories. Most systems designed to fight DDoS attacks have been designed for the victim network as they suffer the greatest impact of an attack. Intermediate network defence is more effective, as they can handle the attack traffic easily and trace back to the attackers. Source network mechanisms aim to stop attacks before they enter the internet. (Douligeris, C. and Mitrokotsa, A. 2004) Wireless networks are easier to attack than wired networks, with DoS attacks by scrambling the bands of frequency that are used. The best way of defending both bandwidth depletion attacks and resource depletion attacks is to design a defence mechanism that detects and responds to the attack. A proposed technique to defending the attacks is the use of a flow monitoring table at each node. By monitoring the previous sending rates with the current rate, they can detect an attack if both rates become the same, in which case the packets from those nodes are discarded. (Arunmozhi, S.A. and Venkataramani, Y. 2011) Bibliography Agerholm, H. (2016) Snoopers charter dealt blow after EUs highest court rules indiscriminate government retention of emails is illegal. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/snoopers-charter-eu-court-ruling-illegal-investigatory-powers-act-emails-david-davis-a7488041.html (Accessed: 22 December 2016). Arunmozhi, S.A. and Venkataramani, Y. (2011) DDoS attack and defense scheme in wireless ad hoc networks, International Journal of Network Security Its Applications, 3(3), pp. 182-187. doi: 10.5121/ijnsa.2011.3312. Beurdouche, B., Bhargavan, K., Delignat-Lavaud, A., Fournet, C., Kohlweiss, M., Pironti, A., Strub, P.-Y. and Zinzindohoue, J.K. (2015) A messy state of the union: Taming the composite state machines of TLS, 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, . doi: 10.1109/sp.2015.39. Caballero, J., Bodden, E. and Athanasopoulos, E. (2016) Engineering secure software and systems: 8th international symposium, ESSoS .. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j6vWCwAAQBAJpg=PA125dq=FREAK+SSL/TLS+Vulnerabilityhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjlkuXEr8TRAhWhKMAKHQWMBjMQ6AEIOjAB#v=onepageq=FREAK%20SSL%2FTLS%20Vulnerabilityf=false (Accessed: 15 January 2017). Douligeris, C. and Mitrokotsa, A. (2004) DDoS attacks and defense mechanisms: Classification and state-of-the-art, Computer Networks, 44(5), pp. 643-666. doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2003.10.003. Doyle, T. (2011) Daniel J. Solove, nothing to hide: The false tradeoff between privacy and security, The Journal of Value Inquiry, 46(1), pp. 107-112. doi: 10.1007/s10790-011-9303-z. Golle, P. (2008) Machine learning attacks against the Asirra CAPTCHA, Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security CCS 08, . doi: 10.1145/1455770.1455838. Investigatory Powers Act 2016 2016, c. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/25/pdfs/ukpga_20160025_en.pdf (Accessed: 22 December 2016). Matsumoto, T., Matsumoto, H., Yamada, K. and Hoshino, S. (2002) Impact of artificial gummy fingers on fingerprint systems, , pp. 275-289. doi: 10.1117/12.462719. Muscat, I. (2016) Web vulnerabilities: Identifying patterns and remedies, Network Security, 2016(2), pp. 5-10. doi: 10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30016-2.

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So it only means that segregation is very important! The students, teachers and school response health are at risk if wastes are not segregated. Everyone has to imply with the rules of segregation for us to be healthy. But now let's differentiate the non-biodegradable and biodegradable wastes. There are many kinds of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes and some of the examples of biodegradable wastes are: left-over, paper, wood ad etc. And the example of non-biodegradable wastes are: Styrofoam, plastics, hardstands and etc.Then non-biodegradable wastes are the ones who caused the calamities that happen in our society now a day. It takes more than 50 years for them to decompose. It is also the waste that will never break down into part of the earth. Non- biodegradable wastes are the main problem of the society. We humans are the major cause of the non-biodegradable waste everywhere; we create all sorts of plastic bags, glass, Styrofoam and etc. Even if we know that this waste w ill not decompose easily. How are we going to lessen the use of this non-biodegradable material?What can we do to help prevent calamities cause by this waste? Segregation is very important especially when we are talking about waste. We as an ordinary citizen of our country or as an ordinary student can help even in little hints that we do. We can prevent the calamities that get many persons life when we imply ourselves in the rules of waste segregation. We the research students choose to experiment the effect of mixing two kinds of waste. Why do we need to separate biodegradable wastes to non-biodegradable wastes?Why do we need to know the importance of segregation? In this way, we research students can help people who don't know the importance of this in solving environmental problems. Statement of the Problem: Since waste is one of the problems in this country, we conducted a research to help people know the importance of segregating waste. . In what way can students of SAPS help in lessening waste? 2. Is it possible to recycle mixed biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes? 3. How can we help people know the importance of segregation? Hypotheses: 1 .We as student of SAPS can help lessen wastes by knowing the proper segregation and helping minimize the waste in our society. 2. We think that we can recycle mixed biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste because mixed bio and non- biodegradable wastes is a new substance. 3. We as student think that we can help people know the importance of segregation if we do a creative project that explains hat segregation is truly that important. Significance of the Study: The study aims to give information about the importance of segregation inside and outside the campus.This study also has a goal to improve the use of non- biodegradable and biodegradable waste in our daily life. This study also aims to help in recycling the waste around us. This study has a goal to minimize calamities caused by the waste that don't deco mpose. The study aims to inform that if we know how to segregate we know how to take care of our environment. This has a goal to tell people to lessen the use of non-biodegradable waste or materials because this is the effect why our environment is polluted.This study aims to give the importance, cause and effect and the meaning of segregation of wastes. Scope and Limitations: This research is limited only to papers and plastic bottles. The researchers will get papers and plastic bottles in the trashcans they will find in Sat. Clara Parish School. Definition of Terms: Non-Biodegradable Waste It is the waste or object that cannot decompose or cannot easily decompose. Biodegradable Waste It is the waste or object that easily decompose. Mixing It is the process of combining two or more substances to form another substance.

Commonly Confused Words

Accept / Except Affect / Effect A Lot / Alot Allusion / Illusion All Ready / Already Altogether / All Together Apart / A Part Ascent / Assent Breath / Breathe Capital / Capitol Cite / Sight / Site Complement / Compliment Conscience / Conscious Council / Counsel Elicit / Illicit Eminent / Immanent / Imminent Its / It's Lead / Led Lie / Lay Lose / Loose Novel Passed / Past Precede / Procede Principal / Principle Quote / Quotation Reluctant / Reticent Stationary / Stationery Supposed To / Suppose Than / Then Their / There / They'reThrough / Threw / Thorough / Though / Thru To / Too / Two Who / Which / That Who / Whom ACCEPT-to receiveex: He accepts defeat well. EXCEPT-to take or leave outex: Please take all the books off the shelf except for the red one. AFFECT-to influenceex: Lack of sleep affects the quality of your work. EFFECT-n. , result, v. , to accomplishex: The subtle effect of the lighting made the room look ominous. ex: Can the university effect such a change without disruptin g classes? A LOT (two words)-many. ALOT (one word)-Not the correct form.ALLUSION-an indirect referenceex:The professor made an allusion to Virginia Woolf's work. ILLUSION-a false perception of realityex: They saw a mirage: that is a type of illusion one sees in the desert. ALL READY-preparedex: Dinner was all ready when the guests arrived. ALREADY-by this timeex: The turkey was already burned when the guests arrived. ALTOGETHER-entirelyex: Altogether, I thought that the student's presentation was well planned. ALL TOGETHER-gathered, with everything in one placeex: We were all together at the family reunion last spring.APART-to be separatedex: The chain-link fence kept the angry dogs apart. OR My old car fell apart before we reached California. A PART-to be joined withex: The new course was a part of the new field of study at the university. OR A part of this plan involves getting started at dawn. ASCENT- climbex: The plane's ascent made my ears pop. ASSENT-agreementex: The martian a ssented to undergo experiments. BREATH-noun, air inhaled or exhaledex: You could see his breath in the cold air. BREATHE-verb, to inhale or exhaleex: If you don't breathe, then you are dead.CAPITAL-seat of government. Also financial resources. ex: The capital of Virginia is Richmond. ex: The firm had enough capital to build the new plant. CAPITOL-the actual building in which the legislative body meetsex: The governor announced his resignation in a speech given at the capitol today. CITE-to quote or documentex: I cited ten quotes from the same author in my paper. SIGHT-visionex: The sight of the American flag arouses different emotions in different parts of the world. SITE-position or placeex: The new office building was built on the site of a cemetery.COMPLEMENT-noun, something that completes; verb, to completeex: A nice dry white wine complements a seafood entree. COMPLIMENT-noun, praise; verb, to praiseex: The professor complimented Betty on her proper use of a comma. CONSCIENCE-s ense of right and wrongex: The student's conscience kept him from cheating on the exam. CONSCIOUS-awakeex: I was conscious when the burglar entered the house. COUNCIL-a group that consults or advisesex: The men and women on the council voted in favor of an outdoor concert in their town. COUNSEL-to adviseex: The arole officer counseled the convict before he was released. ELICIT-to draw or bring outex: The teacher elicited the correct response from the student. ILLICIT-illegalex: The Columbian drug lord was arrested for his illicit activities. EMINENT-famous, respectedex: The eminent podiatrist won the Physician of the Year award. IMMANENT-inherent or intrinsicex: The meaning of the poem was immanent, and not easily recognized. IMMINENT-ready to take placeex: A fight between my sister and me is imminent from the moment I enter my house.ITS-of or belonging to itex: The baby will scream as soon as its mother walks out of the room. IT'S-contraction for it isex: It's a beautiful day in th e neighborhood. LEAD-noun, a type of metalex: Is that pipe made of lead? LED-verb, past tense of the verb â€Å"to lead†ex: She led the campers on an over-night hike. LIE-to lie down (a person or animal. hint: people can tell lies)ex: I have a headache, so I'm going to lie down for a while. (also lying, lay, has/have lain–The dog has lain in the shade all day; yesterday, the dog lay there for twelve hours).LAY-to lay an object down. ex: â€Å"Lay down that shotgun, Pappy! † The sheriff demanded of the crazed moonshiner. ex: The town lay at the foot of the mountain. (also laying, laid, has/have laid–At that point, Pappy laid the shotgun on the ground). LOSE–verb, to misplace or not winex: Mom glared at Mikey. â€Å"If you lose that new lunchbox, don't even think of coming home! â€Å"LOOSE–adjective, to not be tight; verb (rarely used)–to releaseex: The burglar's pants were so loose that he was sure to lose the race with the cop chas ing him. x: While awaiting trial, he was never set loose from jail because no one would post his bail. NOVEL-noun, a book that is a work of fiction. Do not use â€Å"novel† for nonfiction; use â€Å"book† or â€Å"work. â€Å"ex: Mark Twain wrote his novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn when he was already well known, but before he published many other works of fiction and nonfiction. PASSED-verb, past tense of â€Å"to pass,† to have movedex:The tornado passed through the city quickly, but it caused great damage. PAST-belonging to a former time or placeex: Who was the past president of Microsquish Computers? x: Go past the fire station and turn right. PRECEDE-to come beforeex: Pre-writing precedes the rough draft of good papers. PROCEED-to go forwardex: He proceeded to pass back the failing grades on the exam. PRINCIPAL-adjective, most important; noun, a person who has authorityex: The principal ingredient in chocolate chip cookies is chocolate chips. ex: The principal of the school does the announcements each morning. PRINCIPLE-a general or fundamental truthex: The study was based on the principle of gravity. QUOTE-verb, to citeex: I would like to quote Dickens in my next paper.QUOTATION-noun, the act of citingex: The book of famous quotations inspired us all. RELUCTANT-to hesitate or feel unwilling ex: We became reluctant to drive further and eventually turned back when the road became icy. RETICENT-to be reluctant to speak; to be reserved in manner. Note that The American Heritage Dictionary lists â€Å"reluctant† as a synonym for â€Å"reticent,† as the third definition. For nuance and variety, we recommend â€Å"reticent† for reluctance when speaking or showing emotion (after all, even extroverts can become reluctant). ex: They called him reticent, because he rarely spoke.But he listened carefully and only spoke when he had something important to say. STATIONARY-standing stillex: The accident was my fault becau se I ran into a stationary object. STATIONERY-writing paperex: My mother bought me stationery that was on recycled paper. SUPPOSED TO-correct form for â€Å"to be obligated to† or â€Å"presumed to† NOT â€Å"suppose to†SUPPOSE-to guess or make a conjectureex: Do you suppose we will get to the airport on time? When is our plane supposed to arrive? We are supposed to check our bags before we board, but I suppose we could do that at the curb and save time.THAN-use with comparisonsex: I would rather go out to eat than eat at the dining hall. THEN-at that time, or nextex: I studied for my exam for seven hours, and then I went to bed. THEIR-possessive form of theyex: Their house is at the end of the block. THERE-indicates location (hint: think of â€Å"here and there†)ex: There goes my chance of winning the lottery! THEY'RE-contraction for â€Å"they are†ex: They're in Europe for the summer–again! THROUGH-by means of; finished; into or out ofex: He plowed right through the other team's defensive line.THREW-past tense of throwex: She threw away his love love letters. THOROUGH-careful or completeex: John thoroughly cleaned his room; there was not even a speck of dust when he finished. THOUGH-however; neverthelessex: He's really a sweetheart though he looks tough on the outside. THRU-abbreviated slang for through; not appropriate in standard writingex: We're thru for the day! TO-towardex: I went to the University of Richmond. TOO-also, or excessivelyex: He drank too many screwdrivers and was unable to drive home. TWO-a numberex: Only two students did not turn in the assignment.WHO-pronoun, referring to a person or personsex: Jane wondered how Jack, who is so smart, could be having difficulties in Calculus. WHICH-pronoun, replacing a singular or plural thing(s);not used to refer to personsex: Which section of history did you get into? THAT-used to refer to things or a group or class of peopleex: I lost the book that I bought la st week. WHO-used as a subject or as a subject complement (see above)ex: John is the man who can get the job done. WHOM-used as an objectex: Whom did Sarah choose as her replacement? Back to ‘Commonly Confused Words' or ‘Clarity and Style'Copyright 2010

Is Richard Branson a manager or a leader

Is Richard Branson a manager or a leader In the ordinary world, the words leader and manager are used synonymously to refer to the person taking charge of an organization. In the real sense however the two words are separate with different meanings. A manager’s primary task is limited with the 5 functions of planning, staffing, organizing, controlling and directing.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Is Richard Branson a manager or a leader? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, a leader’s primary roles are to motivate and inspire his followers. For a leader to run an organization, he needs some managerial skills to be effective. Similarly, a manager needs some leadership skills to lead people. With this interdependency between the two terms, it is very difficult to exclusively categorize Richard Branson as either a manager or a leader. In my view, Richard Branson is both a leader and a manager. For this particular case, I will argue that Branson is more of a leader and less of a manager. Considering the successes, Richard Branson is no doubt a good manager- but he is however a better and an exemplary leader. There are several reasons to this conclusion. First, Branson has a rich history of entrepreneurship and success despite being young and in college when he founded his first business. In leadership theory, a leader originates and innovatively develops. A manager on the other hand, administers and maintains. We see a lot of originality and innovation in Branson when he launches the student magazine and later virgin brand and the vast business empire. The second reason why Branson is a leader is his focus and trust in people to drive innovation and success. He exemplifies tremendous trust and confidence in people’s abilities when he turns flight attendants wedding business idea into a viable venture. He demonstrates trust and faith in his employees to clad on a wedding dress during the launch. In contrast, a manager is very keen to show control and authority. Relationship between Branson and his followers Branson’s relationship with his followers depicts a perfect leader-follower kind of relationship. This is a relationship where the leader at any one moment can cede his role of a leader to assume of a follower and vice versa. It allows the leader to mentor his followers to be leaders in their own right. We see this when Branson takes the follower role in the wedding business idea and allows his flight attendant to assume leadership. By relegating himself to a follower, he is able to accord his employee the space to freely innovate.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership myths demystified by Branson Often, many people associate leadership with academic ability and performance. However, as proven by Branson this is just a myth. Academic achi evements alone do not always translate to effective leadership. Similarly, lack of it does not imply ineffective leadership. Branson was only a college student without an outstanding academic record yet he was able to start and run a successful business. The other myth debunked is that of humility and leadership. Being humble and easing some control does not infer to ineffective leadership. One does not require to lord over other people to lead. Just as Branson, one can seize control and entrusts his businesses to other people and prosper. Great ideas originate from people and only when they are given a chance to express themselves that these ideas can come out.