International Political Systems: Sumerian City-States

multinational political clays Sumerian City-StatesWhy do I call back that there is an planetary Political dodging? First, I forget discuss the interaction mingled with Sumerian city- avers that is divided by the river of Tigris and Euphrates, that now forms a modern Iraq1, why these Sumerian city- landed estates? Because I privation to prove that there is an International Political Systems during that time, dont get me wrong in this subject, I want you to feel youre in these express ages to be in their position, hence this testament be your bases, because if you will comp be it with the International Political Systems nowadays a huge confusion may subdue.Second, because of the cardinal years of war north western Germany think of a treaty that will stop this war and this is the Treaty of Westphalia.The last provided non the least, the new situation of International Political System in this era and I will pick joined nations or (U.N) to be the based model of these aut hentic International Political Systems. I will c over divergent practice of practice of lawfulnesss from the united Nations to prove my claim, these atomic number 18 United Nations Convention on the righteousness Of the Seas or (UNCLOS), reciprocal ohm the tender Rights were play a huge role with the countries under the United Nations.Different theories has been do, different mainstream state have earned the title where does International Political System began but we all know already that the let birth of International Political System is the time that the treaty of Westphalia began2, but here in my argument, I shall say that its the interaction between Sumerian city-states where International Political System was really born. They dont know it yet that they be doing such(prenominal) thing, but I in my research, I will prove that what they atomic number 18 doing is International Political System which is use until now.Interaction between Sumerian City-StatesTigris and Euphrates atomic number 18 much known because of the river that separates them but it connects these Sumerian City-States. These are considered to have been a full-fledged International System, because these Sumerian city-states have already an existing religion, change over, interaction, language, educational system, laws and leaders.They smell up to their God as the Supreme leader and by that all of his or her people are subject to follow what their God wants, meaning organism the Supreme (God and Goddesses) leader they must follow what laws He or She has made, for example their Gods or Goddesses are represented by natural entities such as the sun inter affiliated with Justice and considered as the God Sun, He is God called UTU, Moon interconnected to Wisdom and their God Moon, She is called God Nanna or Suen, and Earth connected to Life Force, several centuries before Hammurabi, Ur-Engur of the Ur dynasty (c. 2600 BC) declared that he rendered decisions according to the just laws of Shamash.3 This reference of their Gods and Goddesses only makes my claim more evident. Even their God Ur-Engur has a law for the people to abide with, and by abiding such rule a state will be more powerful in terms of the law that is implemented to the people, and the people who happens to obey it diligently or faithfully from generation to generation which made the law effective and refrain the citizenry to do any(prenominal) they want if it was not in accordance to the existing laws that had been created by their Gods and Goddesses they believe in long before they were born.The law their Gods and Goddesses has created, local laws have been extended to separate city-states they dealt with, unconsciously they are already leading to an international law practice which were recognized, obeyed, respected and put into practice by both parties or city-states involved. These sectors of analysis are ingredient of an international system, hence this is international political sys tem, because in those times, theyre knowledge ab bulge out the world is their only city-state and treating opposite people outside their city-state as barbarians or inferior as compared to themselves, (ex. The Greek city-states in time if they know that different states exist, they consider them as barbarians and these barbarians dont contribute in the gracious humankind much worst are even considered as uncivilized or unworthy people) so what Im saying is that this exist as an International Political System using their own norm or gauge. Hence in this era International Political System in the Sumerian city-state for them is the better(p) and the only one known to be followed by their citizenry and if they want to deal with the Sumerians it is mandatory for them to follow what the existing rules the Sumerians are using or avocation faithfully. In this case we could vividly see the influence of a very strong centralized government. Whatever the central government or the city-st ate of Sumerian is practicing, it has to be followed by the others having that pattern that these laws were created by a Supreme Being (God or Goddesses) which includes issues regarding policies in their political, military, societal, and economic norms and other areas.These standards already exist in this city-states, but as time goes by, these norms changes, because change is disposition hence if the nature is to change, when the modern times comes, these norms became more complex hence adds more norms to kick the bucket an International Political System. assortment in environment such as geographical features which includes boundaries, natural and manmade, resources which needs to be modified or altered to be able to catch up to the new ideas and development of new trends in the International Political Systems. Thats why I add this Sumerian city-states because this is the real cycle that goes with the ever ever-changing and ever growing International Political System.Because of the mainstream approach of Westphalia in the same context the title was given to them, and gave the title that the year Westphalia created was the real birth of International Political System which is a big fallacy. Why did I conclude so? It is because the treaty of Westphalia happened not just long ago it was exactly on October 24th 16484. When the treaty of Westphalia was ratified or take into effect as a law so many events or study happenings had been recorded to had happened +which surface the way for the creation of a treaty that will not gave a birth but modified to adapt with the current needs and issues to be reconcile even if the title was given for the Sumerian city-state was a Pre-international System I will consider them an international political system, as part in my existence say, the perspective point of view must be only in the Sumerian age, thats why I arranged them according to the years where they exist so there will be a smooth flow of ideas, and one goa l to justify if we had an international political system.In these Sumerian city-states trade is also present, because of the creation of first-class honours degree calendar, which they adjusted to the phases of the moon. The lunar calendar helped the Greeks, Semites and Egyptians, because of this, it helped a spate of Sumerian City-States to interact with each other thus helping their prudence to boost up leading to the growth of merchant class5, did you know that they are very good navigators because of the calendar they made. They know exactly where they are going because of the stars in the sky, were that star will serve as a guide for every people of the city that will trade from other cities, thats why when they created the first ever calendar which adjusted the phases of the moon it helped them a lot.67Talking just about trade, it helped to increase the interaction between these Sumerian city-states by simple talking to each other, of course the need of language is in need , and the language these times are divided into four first is Archaic Sumerian, second is one-time(a) or unstained Sumerian, third is impudent Sumerian, last but not the least Post-Sumerian. These language had their own time at the existence of Sumerian city-states, Archaic Sumerian cover the period from 3100 B.C, when the first Sumerian wrote their very first documentary or records, down to about 2500 B.C, the content of writings in this time include trade and administrative character, there is still develop texts that form simple exercises in writing because this age of language was poorly understood because of the meagerness sources. Second the Old or Classical Sumerian lasted from 2500 to 2300 B.C, represented by the record of Lagash like in the first there is business, administrative texts here, but an addition is a profound text, in here the grammar of Sumerian improved and their vocabulary.8It is very evident that once trade exists in between any country or countries, i nflux not only of money but most of all ideas, culture, laws, and even intermarriage will follow. So I strongly believe that International Political System has long been existing and put into practice even before the idea of the state system was said to be introduced.Treaty of WestphaliaThis said to be the licit year were International Political System was created the birth year of International Political System, why is it that this the trustworthy one? Why is it that the interaction of Tigris and Euphrates was not the legitimate one? Because as said by Richard Little and Barry Buzan the point of being a western country we cannot accept the fact that they are the ones who are the elitist and theyre mind set of being Ethnocentrism, meaning they are the only ones who had think of these ideas that can be seen it the modern and early ages, being the elitist they are the ones who got the title of the institute done, and by telling the story of their forefathers other early Internationa l Political System is discarded on the list, hence giving the title of the first legitimate International Political System to the Treaty of Westphalia.Treaty of Westphalia was created for the Europeans, because of the thirty years war that was motivated by religious and political control all over Europe. And because of this thirty years of war countless man, child and women had died, it even overcome the deaths that has been made in manhood fight I and World War II, it said to believe that one-third of the population died in result of the war, because of these people dying every day for the past thirty years. And because of the Treaty of Westphalia it was ratified with the concurrence of the states present whom to themselves considered as the elite and civilized one, which all must follow. This treaty is the first manifestation that they are creating an International Political System, this law is the law of war a doctrine concerning when it is permissible to go to war and what mea ns of conducting war are (and are not) permissible, meaning that they cannot go to war anymore because of this said treaty, hence they already know that this war has been going for the past thirty years. If this will continue all that will be left to them are swot of their fallen comrades, which is not healthy to a state because man is the integral part and without man a state cannot exist.As history has proven the root cause of the thirty years of war was the tug of war in between the protestants and Catholics who both claims that their religion is the best and the truth. The influence of these leaders namely the clergies or priests in the catholic side and ministers or pastors on the protestant side greatly affected the citizenry because their decisions and allegiance is dissuademined by the religion they move too. Much of these situation political leaders also relies and asks for the nod or approval of the strong religious leader for them to get the majority back-up of the na tions or states. So you could clearly see how it did affect the whole state. The unimaginable result of the thirty years of war paved the way for the birth of Treaty of Westphalia but by all odds not the birth of International Political System.Current Situations of the Worlds SystemsUnited Nations (UN) is an example of current International Political Systems, which facilitates all its constituents, for example Philippines, China, Japan, United States, and many more different states. This serve as an international political system because first, it is recognize globally by appendage countries. Leaders of the different discussion section of the United Nations such as World Health Organization (WHO), United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), International Labor Organization (ILO)9 and other departments are selected from the most respectable and able man whose integrity are doubtless. Military or (peace keeping forces), Political, Economic, Societal and Environment al, which are commonly known as sectors of analysis are all present in the United Nation. At far it is concern with the peace among the states, development, human rights, and International Law. Because member states are the ones who will judge if the merit of claims of one state to another if there is a conflict, United Nations will make a resolution against these conflicts, thats why they are present when there is a war problem inside state for example Libya, they send peace keeping forces or military forces that got from its constituent states, even in Environmental disaster, they are there to help the people of their constituent states.Human Rights a philosophical foundation10, (covered societal interaction), as stated they are exclusively by virtue of human being against war thats why peace is more rampant, ironically Human Rights were made after World War II in connection with the Holocaust, the experience of Nuremberg tribunal convinced leaders of the need to set forth intern ational standards to observe genocide from ever occurring again. Human rights is where they create laws that will served as a shield by every single person of a state and it will at most prevent wars and unhumanitarian acts whether its a girl, children or man, moreover this human right law is by far the greatest law the United Nation has made. United Nations goal of developing existing laws to cope with changes and prevention of possible war, talking about state to state wars, why say that? Because after the human right law has been implemented, the rights of the people were seen nowadays, they cannot kill people because they just want it to, hence they cannot kill because of their opposite religious beliefs, and lastly you cannot kill people anymore regardless what nationality they are, or else great consequences will be used against you if ever you will do such crime. Racism is vehemently trashed.But a disprover here is Libya, Iraq, and Syria in this time is in a great war again st, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), as we can see this is not a state to state war because war is present inside the state. Ironically the above mentioned states are all members of the United Nations but they do not adhere to the principle of peace, humanity and unity among member states. Even though they have violated international rules still the United Nations tries its best to pacify the situation. As a create of this our very own Philippines, as a member of the United Nations send troops to this country therefore in this context military is present in United Nations, because as a member of this organization we must share our resources, help in any possible means such as health check aid, medical force and even peace keeping forces.Just like other countries doing to the Philippines when it comes to natural calamities and disaster, even the Peoples Republic of China forgotten the conflict in West Philippine Sea they still send troops here to help, foods and other things which they think may help a lot the typhoon victim which happened to be the strongest recorded typhoon in the world. It is a manifestation that China recognizes his membership in the United Nation and since the Philippines is a member state of the United Nation it is a good sign that China has the initiative and good intention to help us in spite of all the odds that they are having with the Philippines.Second best example I can give is the Philippines and China in connection with the West Philippine Sea, United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS) this is a compulsory procedures for dispute resolution among state parties, this process have the right to choose either theyre case is going to International court for the Law Of the Sea (ITLOS), International Court of Justice (ICJ), Arbitral Tribunal, and last but not the least special technical arbitral tribunal. Why fancy the provisions of UNCLOS and United Nations If there is still conflict? Because United Nation was established for peace and to avoid World War I or World War II or such things to happened again. Because in a war nobody wins, yes they might say that they win, but literally in war, millions of blisterings is lost. The United Nations last goal is to prevent wars hence with the help of human rights, it serves to be an important term to prevent World War III because when World War I and World War II happened, there is still no concrete data on human rights. Nowadays member states or nonmember states think of the consequences if they will violate human right laws. They know that even after the incident they will be persecuted by the international community through economic sanction, figure of speech non grata and other international recognized form of disconformity.Another good example is the International Labor Organization (ILO)11. Because of the creation of the International Law Organization member states are very keen in implementing rules regarding labor practices. Internatio nal accredited systems regarding the way they treat local and foreign laborers are always given importance.The major role of an employee, laborer or any manpower is always given top priority in any countries. The welfare, salary and other related activities or benefits of the reporting force are in compliance with accepted rules and systems.International Political System as I viewed it is almost the same with any other system. It was made and pursued by respectable men whose goal is to have an orderly, respectful and effective way of disembodied impression. We may be different in language, personal attributes, values, culture, religion, educational background and other things that makes a human different from an animal but for accepted we the majority of the people would like to live in an ambience of peace, unity and love.I would like to thank people who intimated these systems, for they had helped a lot the succeeding generations on what they have done. Not only the philosoph ical leaders but most especially the unwritten leaders of the past who may not have been mentioned in any document or book but for sure contributed a lot on who and where we are now. They may have made mistakes or imperfections but thats the reality of emotional state no one is perfect. Our spirit is a continuous trial and error with the guiding principle of being of help to his people and committed to make this world a better life and place to live with.BibliographyBuzan, B., Little , R. (2000). International Systems in World History. New York Oxford University iron.DAnieri, P. (2014). International Politics Power and Purpose in Global Affairs. canada Cenage learning.Guisepi, R. A. (1980 and 2003). The History of antediluvian Sumeria. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from The History of Ancient Sumeria http//history-world.org/sumeria.htmKritzer, H. M. (2002). LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD A POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA. Cape Verde ABC-CLIO, Inc.Sumerian Gods. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Sumerian Gods http//www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html3 Pol 320120476921 Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York Oxford University Press, 2000), 1.2Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York Oxford University Press, 2000), 1.3 Sumerian Gods, Crystalinks.com, http//www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html,4 The Peace of Westphalia.HistoryLearningSite.co.uk.2006. Web, http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peace_of_westphalia.htm.5 Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumeria.htm.6Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumeria.htm.7Walter Baucum, Su merians who were they? The fulminant Civilization, http//www.uhcg.org/Lost-10-Tribes/walt1-Sumerians.html.8Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumerian_language.htm.9 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/10 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/.11 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/.Lombroso and Beccaria Theories of CrimeLombroso and Beccaria Theories of CrimeCriminology is the study of crime, from what causes crime to what could or does prevent it. The ideas which form the topic of criminology come from key thinkers in the area who come up with theories and carry out research to try to find tell to support their claims. These thinkers can be influential in bringing about changes in areas such as the legal or prison systems. Two tremendously influential thinkers in the area of criminology are Cesare Beccaria and Ces are Lombroso who have verbalized views and formulated many theories which come under the category of criminology, from ideas on offenders to how they should be punished.Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) belonged to the classical develop of criminology which refers to the work carried out in the 18th century enlightenment period which would have followed utilitarian and social contract philosophy. Beccaria was part of an aristocratic Milanese family in Lombardy and went on to complete a law degree at the University of Pavia in 1758. Although Beccaria was an Italian economist and not a criminologist as criminology as we know it right away was not invented until the 19th century (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).Cesare Lombroso (1853-1909) came along after Beccaria and is often considered the father of criminology and ,unlike Beccaria he belonged to a different type of criminological school, the positivist school of criminology which uses more scientific approach to studying the social scie nce, using methods from the natural science such as systematic observation, accumulation of evidence, objective facts and deductive framework. Lombroso skilful as a physician in Northern Italy and severed 4 years in the Army where he started his observations of various(prenominal)istics, he later went on to become the director of different asylums in regions of Northern Italy where he went on to further observe item-by-items becoming specifically interested in what he referred to as uncreated peoples (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).In the 18th Century Beccaria was the first to offer an explanation for crime and turn behaviour. Strongly influenced by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes, Beccaria believed that we are hedonistic beings that look out for our own self-interest, by calculating the pleasure or pain that will result from an action to decide whether to do it or not (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010), which could lead an individual to commit crime if they believe that the resulti ng pleasure will outweigh any pain that may arise from the action. Due to this Beccaria also suggested that offending is a survival of the fittest made out of free will from rational individuals just like those who choose not to take part in criminal behaviour.However, Lombroso offers a different opinion on offenders. Lombroso was strongly influenced by Charles Darwin and his guess of evolution and believed that offenders were throwbacks to earlier forms of humans. Lombroso believed that those who commit crime were throwback(prenominal), a term he developed for those who were not fully evolved and more primitive than non-offenders (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010). It was the atavistic nature of the individual which Lombroso believed was the reason the individual became a criminal. Lombroso even believed that if these these individuals were throwbacks of from preceding stages of evolution then they should have differing physical and physiologic characteristics from normal individu als which he referred to as a stigmata, Lombroso suggested that characteristics such as supernumerary fingers or toes, larger jaws or ears, an insensitivity to pain, etc were indicative of an atavistic individual (Mazzarello, 2011). Lombroso examined and document many criminals and suggested that he found these characteristics in each of them including Giuseppe Villella, an Italian criminal said to be similar to the notorious English serial killer scallywag the Ripper, who Lombroso performed an autopsy on and upon examination of his skull and brain found similarities between it and that of less evolved primates, which for him supported his system that criminality is the result of being less evolved than the normal individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944.). Thus instead of criminal behaviour being the result of free will like Beccaria proposed, Lombroso believed that criminal behaviour has a deterministic element. While this supposition was met with some scepticism in Europe, Lombroso wa s hugely influential in America, but this also had a negative side to it as suggesting that criminals can be identify by physical characteristics could lead to certain individual with such characteristics to be singled out even if they have not committed a criminal disrespect or been found guilty of a crime.Lombroso went on to develop his ideas and proposed that there are different types of criminals. Some examples of the types of criminal Lombroso suggested there are, are the born criminal, the wild criminal, criminaloids and criminals of passion. Firstly, born criminals, a term which was actually first used by a student of Lombrosos Enrico Ferri, this type of criminal only makes up about a third of the criminal population but often commit the more serious crimes (Lombroso, 1872-1944.) and as outlined above is categorised presented with characteristics indicating an atavistic nature but Lombroso also believed that this type of criminal presented with epilepsy and was not morally intelligent. Secondly, the insane criminal, Lombroso suggested that this type of criminal was not a criminal since birth like the previous type but had become a criminal due to some kind of physiological change which affects their morality making them unable to discriminate between right and wrong (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p 75). Examples of criminals in this category include those who are kleptomaniacs, nymphomaniacs, habitual drunks and child abusers. Another type of criminal outlined by Lombroso are criminaloids which have few of the atavistic characteristics or stigmata even though they are a form of born criminal they are not as intemperate as those who fall into the category of the born criminal. However, they do present with different stigmata that born criminals do not such as early baldness or greyness. Although the real difference between born criminals and criminaloids is there differing psychological traits. The main difference being that the criminaloid individual starts offending later on in life and will always have a reason behind the offence (Lombroso, 1872-1944). The last example, criminals of passion, categorises those who commit crimes because they are urged to violate laws by a pure spirit of altruism (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p118) they are not at all like the other types of criminals as they only commit crimes out of the best intention and are characteristically good. The physical characteristics of the criminals of passion are often attractive and gentle while their psychological traits are that of an unwarrantedly good, holy individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944).Another negative with the work of Lombroso is that he may have detected potential Hydes in distinguished Jekylls (Saturday Review of Politics,Literature, light and Art, 1909) by over emphasising finding certain characteristics in individuals and generating the supposal that everyone with such a characteristic will be or is a criminal.Beccaria differing belief, that an individual choos es to commit crime, lead him to believe that for society to be sustainable such a choice should be met with a penalty and so in 1866 Beccaria published an essay entitled on crimes and penalizations. Within this essay he verbalised his ideas on criminal behaviour and what should happen to those found to have broken the law. Briefly put Beccaria believed that punishment of crime should be inevitable, consistent, proportionate and swift if it is to deter an individual from committing crime. By inevitable Beccaria means that if an individual is found to have committed a crime there should be no question as to whether they should or will receive a punishment as Beccaria believed that the certainty of a punishment had a deterrent effect regardless of the severity of the punishment (Newburn, 2009.). By consistent he means that everybody regardless of class, ethnicity or gender should be given the same punishment for the same crime, so that certain individuals dont believe that they canc ount upon arbitrary leniency from judges (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010, p. 5). By proportionate Beccaria believed that the punishment should fit the crime, this means that punishment should not be too excessive just for the sake of revenge as the severity of the punishment should only be sufficient to as a deterrent (Tierney, 2009., p.46). In order to be a deterrent of criminal behaviour Beccaria also believed that punishment should be swift, this means that the punishment should be delivered quickly and not be delayed.Beccaria also expressed his ideas on judicial torture and the use of the death penalty as a punishment for criminal behaviour. Beccaria believed that both were wrong as they went against natural rights theory. In regards to torture, he believed that it is wrong because if the individual who is being tortured is physically or mentally weaker they are more likely to confess to something they didnt do and may implicate another individual who is also innocent. This lead Beccaria to proposition that if torture is the way of determining an individuals guilt or innocence then a mathematician would be better at deciding this than a judge due to them being able to predict or theories the amount of torture a certain individual may be able to cope with before confessing (Hostettler, 2011.). In regards to the death penalty, Beccaria was the first person of that time to publicly criticise the killing of an individual as a means of punishment for a crime. He believed that the state had no right to take anothers life because while Beccaria believed in social contract theory (that we give up certain freedoms to an authority in return for some kind of protection) he believed that no person would hand over the right to live for the protection offered. Beccaria also believed that the death penalty was not a sufficient deterrent to stop other people from committing crime, which for him was the primary role of a punishment leading him to the opinion that the punish ment of death for a crime is not only immoral, it is useless (Hostettler, 2011., p. 55). However, although Beccaria held this belief he did allow for an exception to be made due to one of two reasons, either the individual still poses a risk to the outside world while imprisoned, or when the death penalty is seen as the only means by which to deter others from committing such a crime (Beccaria, 1764.).Lombroso also held a differing view on punishment and the death penalty to that of Beccarias. Lombroso believed that when an atavistic individual commits a crime society has the right to defend itself from this kind of delinquent (Mazzarello, 2001., p. 983) this includes a belief in the death penalty which Beccaria was strongly against,even though Lombroso believed that criminality was not a choice but determined as individuals were born criminals due to the argument that man defends himself from wild animals without blaming them for not having been born lambs (Mazzarello,2001., p.983) . However, Lombroso and his theory of the insane criminal was influential in changing how those deemed insane were dealt with in the Italian justice system as measures were developed for the mentally incompetent knockout offender (Ramsland, 2009).Although Beccaria and Lombroso have many differing views and theories in the study of criminology and belonged to different schools, they were and still are strongly influential in reforming the justice and penal system. For example Beccaria s ideas from On Crimes and Punishments have been incorporated into the United States constitution (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010., p. 7) and Lombrosos idea that we have free will to choose whether to take part in criminal behaviour can still be seen in more recent free will versus determinism debates (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).ReferencesBeccaria, C., (1995) 1764, On Crimes and Punishment and Other Writings, Edited by Bellamy, R., Cambridge, Cambridge University PressHayward, K., Maruna, S., Mooney , J., (2010). Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology. United Kingdom Routledge.Hostettler, J., (2011). Cesare Beccaria The Genius of On Crimes and Punishment. United Kingdom Waterside Press.Lombroso, G., (1872-1944). Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso, New York and London, G. P. PutnamMazzarello, P. (2001). Lombroso and tolstoy. Nature, 409(6823), 983. Retrieved fromhttp//dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059175Mazzarello, P., (2011). Cesare BeccariaAn anthropologist between evolution and degeneration. Functional Neurology, 26(2), 97-101. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/947561454?accountid=17074Newburn, T., (2009). Key Readings in Criminology. United Kingdom Willan PublishingRamsland, Katherine,PhD., C.M.I.-V. (2009). THE MEASURE OF A MAN CESARE LOMBROSO AND THE CRIMINAL TYPE. Forensic Examiner, 18(4), 70-72. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/347552105?accountid=17074The Labours of Lombroso. (1909). Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, 108 (2817), 495-496. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/876885570?accountid=17074Tierney, J., (2009). Key Perspectives in Criminology. United Kingdom Open University Press.